A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/URI.php

Line Number: 101

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 78

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 390

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated

Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php

Line Number: 129

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php

Line Number: 278

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php

Line Number: 149

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php

Line Number: 206

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php

Line Number: 295

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_database_driver.php

Line Number: 333

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 284

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 291

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 306

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 318

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 319

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 377

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 110

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1290

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Portal::$Mdb is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 7
Function: __construct

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$Mdb is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/apps/controllers/Portal.php
Line: 327
Function: view

File: /home/journals.seagullpublications.com/public_html/ijeer/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

Article Seagull Publications | International Journal for Empirical Education and Research
Submission Open for IJEER Volume-3, Number-10, October 2019 | Submission Deadline- 20 October, 2019

International Journal for Empirical Education and Research

A Literature Review on Computer Cartography

Author: Anik Shuvra Daw | Published on: 2017-09-30 01:22:14   Page: 1-10   1193

Abstract
Depending upon how we look at it, Computer Cartography can be considered now to be twenty years old (the first contour map was produced about twenty years ago), or a dozen years (the first major project in Computer Cartography, the Canadian Geographical Information System was started in 1963). This is not to say that we started out from scratch twelve or twenty years ago. On the contrary, we had all the tools and all the power from different disciplines, including Computer Science, Geography, Cartography and the Survey Sciences. If we assume that every discipline has some milestones in its development, it has to be said that in Computer Cartography these milestones did not happen or happened virtually unnoticed by the discipline.

Keywords
Computer; Cartography; Advantages; Disadvantages.

Cite this Article

×

Daw, A., S. (2017), A Literature Review on Computer Cartography. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research, 1(1), 1-10.

  • Download Citation
  • ×

    Daw, A., S. (2017) "A Literature Review on Computer Cartography", International Journal For Empirical Education and Research, 1(1), pp.1-10.

  • Download Citation
  • ×

    Daw, A., S.. A Literature Review on Computer Cartography. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research. 2017; 1(1): 1-10.

  • Download Citation
  • ×

    Appeared

    ×

    Appeared

    ×

    Daw, A., S.. A Literature Review on Computer Cartography. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research. 2017; 1(1): 1-10.

  • Download Citation
  • ×

    Daw, A., S.. A Literature Review on Computer Cartography. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research. 2017; 1(1): 1-10.

  • Download Citation

  • Reference

    1. Ahn, J.K. (1984). Automatic Name Placement System. Publication No. IPL-TR-063, Im-age Processing Laboratory, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, troy, NY.
    2. Andrews, S.K., and D.W. Tilton, (1993). “How Multimedia and Hypermedia Are Changing the Look of Maps.” Proceedings AUTOCARTO 11, Eleventh International Symposium on Computer Assisted Cartography, Minneapolis, pp: 348-366.
    3. Hall, S.S. (1992). Mapping the Next Millennium: The Discovery of New Geographies. New York: Random House.
    4. Moellering, H., ed. (1991).” Special Content: Analytical Cartography.” Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol. 18, no. 1.
    5. Morrison, J.L. (1980). “Computer Technology and Cartographic Change.” In the Computer in Contemporary Cartography, edited by D.R.F. Taylor. New York: Wiley: Chapter 2, pp. 5-23
    6. Morrison, J.L. (1993).”Cartography and the Spatially Literate Populace of the 21st. century”, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol.20, no.4, pp. 204-209.
    7. Tobler, W.R. (1976).”Analytical Cartography.” American Cartographer, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 21-31
    8. Wolter, J.A. (1975). The Emerging Discipline of Cartography. Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Ph.D. Dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

     

    [This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).]

    Author Details


    Anik Shuvra Daw
    Department of Geography and Environment
    Jagannath University
    anik.arko1994@gmail.com