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Article Seagull Publications | International Journal for Empirical Education and Research
Submission Open for IJEER Volume-3, Number-10, October 2019 | Submission Deadline- 20 October, 2019

International Journal for Empirical Education and Research



Corruption – Development of Criminal Matter in Slovakia, Criminal Liability of the Government Entities and Legal Persons

  • Article Details

Author: Adrián Jalc Ph.D. | Published on: 2018-01-31 01:34:47   Page: 64-82   930

Abstract
In the countries from central Europe we can find corruption not only on high level but also in low level called "less serious corruption". However, this corruption is spread in all parts of the society. It causes that almost all citizens of these regions have already had experiences with concrete and not official, but essential payments in diverse fields, for instances: in health services, educational system etc. Next problem is that the fight against corruption is very difficult because many employees of police, justice and plaintiff who would have to take the responsibility of corruption are often people who are the most influenced by it. Considering the weight of this circumstances we can say about necessity of restructualization in the state for the purpose of more effective fight against the corruption.

Keywords
Corruption; Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and Governments Entities; Penalties; Some Historical Perspective On the Elements of the Crime.

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Jalc, A. (2018), Corruption – Development of Criminal Matter in Slovakia, Criminal Liability of the Government Entities and Legal Persons. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research, 2(6), 64-82.

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    Jalc, A. (2018) "Corruption – Development of Criminal Matter in Slovakia, Criminal Liability of the Government Entities and Legal Persons", International Journal For Empirical Education and Research, 2(6), pp.64-82.

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    Jalc, A.. Corruption – Development of Criminal Matter in Slovakia, Criminal Liability of the Government Entities and Legal Persons. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research. 2018; 2(6): 64-82.

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    Jalc, A.. Corruption – Development of Criminal Matter in Slovakia, Criminal Liability of the Government Entities and Legal Persons. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research. 2018; 2(6): 64-82.

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    Jalc, A.. Corruption – Development of Criminal Matter in Slovakia, Criminal Liability of the Government Entities and Legal Persons. International Journal For Empirical Education and Research. 2018; 2(6): 64-82.

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    • Reference

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    10. Dedík, P., Novický, J.: The protection of the integrity of sports - negative aspects of sports, manipulation of sports competitions within the proposed act on sport. Magister Officiorum, V., No. 3, 2015, p. 31-34, ISSN 13385569.
    11. Corruption in sport Section 336b Criminal Code:
    12. Prokeinová, M.: Vybrané problémy prevencie kriminality. In: Turayová, Y.: Vybrané kapitoly z kriminológie. Bratislava: VO PF UK, 1999. p. 126.
    13. Gregušová, A.: Preradenie odsúdeného do domáceho väzenia. In. Policajná teória a prax, No. 1/2015. p. 73.
    14. It is necessary to note that the very essence of criminal liability of legal entities is to a large extent at odds with the principles of the continental model of criminal law, namely with the existent strictly individual nature of criminal liability or, as the case may be, the perception of said liability as the liability of a natural person. On the other hand, current development trends speaking in favour of the introduction of criminal liability of natural persons are doubtlessly connected with new social, economic and political changes.
    15. Explanatory Memorandum on Draft Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities. Available under: http://www.nrsr.sk/web/Default.aspx?sid=zakony/zakon&MasterID=5662  [15 January 2016].
    16. The Act stipulates also the conditions for the punishment of legal successors of a legal entity, and it is laid down that in such a case it is necessary to consider primarily the extent to which the assets corresponding to the benefit have been transferred to any of the successors, secondarily other benefits from the crime committed and subsidiarily also the extent to which any of the successors resumes the activities in connection with which the crime has been committed.
    17. Ormerod, D.: Criminal Law. Smith & Hogan. United States: Oxford University Press, 2005, s. 165 ISBN: 0-40-697730-5 (1070)
    18. Hallevy, G.: The Right to Be Punished. London: Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London, 2013, s.8 ISBN 978-3-642-32387-4 (236)
    19. See Article 22 (7) of the proposal for the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on single member unlimited liability companies with (COM (2014) 212), within the meaning of which: “Any person whose orders or instructions are usually complied with by executives of a company shall be deemed an executive, without being formally appointed, as regards all obligations and liabilities that executives are bound by”.
    20. Provision of Section 2 of the Act No. 7/2005 Coll. on Bankruptcy and Restructuring and on amendment to certain acts as amended by the Act No. 348/2011 Coll.

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    DOI

    https://doi.org/10.35935/edr/21.8264

    Author Details

    Adrián Jalc Ph.D.
    Department of Criminal Law and Criminology
    Trnava University
    adrian.jalc@truni.sk