Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Global Competition and Biotechnology Industry: A Review
Article Details
Author: Bello S.M. PhD | Published on: 2018-03-31 18:47:01 Page: 1-5 1149
Abstract The biotechnology industry is a relatively new a distinct field that involve using living organism to produce desired product. This industry includes firms that develop, manufacture, and market pharmaceutical products, agricultural products, environmental control product, e.t.c. based on advanced biotechnology research. Although the growth in the global biotechnology industry neared double digits the past two years, the threat of entry into the market is weak due to high barriers to entry. However, because of the ease and low-cost production using biotechnology, it has increased competition in some product. Leading European nations with strong biotech sectors such as the UK and Germany are investing heavily in regenerative medicine (RM), seeking competitive advantage in this emerging sector. However, in the broader biopharmaceutical sector the European Union (EU) is outperformed by the US on all metrics, reflecting longstanding problems: limited venture capital finance, a fragmented patent system, and relatively weak relations between academia and industry. The current global downturn has exacerbated these difficulties. The crisis comes at a time when the European Union is reframing its approach to the governance of innovation and renewing its commitment to the goal of making Europe the leading player in the global knowledge economy.
Bello, S., M. (2018) "Global Competition and Biotechnology Industry: A Review", International Journal For Empirical Education and Research, 2(8), pp.1-5.
Gbandi E. C., Amissah G. (2014), Financing Options For Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, European Scientific Journal, January 2014 edition vol.10, No 1 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431.
Basil Anthony, Ngwu Onugu (2005), Small and Medium Entreprises (Smes) in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects, St. Clements University.
Aremu, M.A. and Adeyemi, S. L. (2010) Small and Medium Scale Enterprises as a Survival Strategy for Employment Generation in Nigeria ‘, Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 4, no. 1; February 2011
Nwanko, F; Ewuiw,N.& Asoya, N; (2012), Role of Cooperatives in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) Development in Nigeria: Challenges and the way Forward, Pp. 140-156;An international multidisciplinary journal, Ethiopia, Vol. 6, (4); Serial No 27; October, 2012. ISSN 1994-9057 (Print); ISSN 2070- 0083 (Online). DOI- http://dx.doi.org(10.4314) after. 6i4.10.
Mahmoud, D. (2005) Private Sector Development and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria: Mainstreaming the Small Medium Enterprises Sector ‘, The Nigeria Economic Submit Group (NESG) Economic Indicators, vol. 11, No.1, January - March: pg 18 - 23
Ogboru, P. L. (2007) An Evaluation of Funding Arrangements for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. PhD Dissertation, British West Indies: Project Department of Business and Management Studies, St Clements University
Nnaemeka Vincent Emoli and Samson D. Yusuf (2015), Improving Electricity Access in Nigeria: Obstacles and the Way Forward, International journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 335-351.
Udochukwu B Akuru, Ogbonnaya I Okoro (2014), Economic implications of constant power outages on SMEs in Nigeria, Journal of energy in South Africa, On-line version ISSN 2413-3051, Print version ISSN 1021-447X.
Imahe O. J. and Alabi R. A. (2005), The determinant of agricultural productivity in Nigeria, Journal of food, agriculture & environment, Vol. 3 (2): 269-274.
Ayinde O. E., Muchie M. and Olatunji G. B. (2011), Effect of climate on agricultural productivity in Nigeria, J. Hum Ecol 35 (3): 189-194.
Veronica Dewanto, Xianzhong Wu, Kafai K. Adom & Rui Hai Liu (2002), Thermal Processing Enhances the Nutritional Value of Tomatoes by Increasing Total Antioxidant Activity, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 50, 3010-3014.
Maria Gavrilescu and Yusuf Chisti (2005), Biotechnology alternative for chemical industry, Elsevier, Biotechnology Advances (23): 471-499.
Osotimehin, K.O., Akinlabi, Babatunde. H, Olajide, O.T. (2012). An Evaluation of the Challenges and Prospects of Micro and Small-Scale Enterprises Development in Nigeria, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol. 2 No. 4; April 2012.
Raju p., (2016), World History of Modern Biotechnology and its Application, Biotechnol Ind J, volume 12(11): 107.
Mary Saral A., Selvanayagam M. (2005), Benefits and ethical limits of biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Perspectives on Biotechnology and Bioethics, September 2005.
Per Sandin and Payam Moula (2015), Mordern Biotechnology, Agriculture and Ethics, Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics. Volume 28, pp 803-806.
Les Levidow, Palle Lindgaard-jorgensen, Asa Nilsson, Sara Alongi Skenhall Dionysis Assimacopoulos (2014), Proces of Eco-Innovation Assessing meso Level Eco-efficiency in Industrial Water Service System, Journal of Cleaner Production. Volume 110, page 54-65.
Louisa Wessels Perelo(2010), Review: In situ and Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177 (2010) 81-89, www.elsevier.com/locate/jhazmat
Elakkiya M., Prabhakaran D., Thirumarimurugan M. (2016), Methods of Cell Immobilization and Its Applications, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 4.
Peter B. Kaufman, Soo Chul Chang, and Ara Kirakosyan (2009), Risks and Benefits Associated with Genetically Modified (GM) Plants, Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0194-1_13, C, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Tapre, A. R. and Jain, R. K (2014), Pectinases: Enzymes for fruit processing industry, International Food Research Journal 21(2): 447-453.
Jianweiw Huang, Michael j. Blaylock, yoramka pulnik and burtd Ensley (2008); Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: Role of Organic Acids in Triggering Uranium Hyperaccumulation in Plants, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2004-2008.
Amir Hamzah, Ricky Indri Hapsari, Erwin Ismu Wisnubroto (2016), Phytoremediation of Cadmium-contaminated agricultural land using indigenous plants, International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR), ISSN [2454-1850], Vol-2, Issue-1.
Anna Hovsepyan and Sigurdur Greipsson (2005); EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28: 2037–2048.
Alkorta I., Herna´ ndez-Allica J., Becerril J.M., Amezaga I., Albizu I. and Garbisu C. (2004), recent findings on the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with environmentally toxic heavy metals and metalloids such as zinc, cadmium, lead, and arsenic. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 3: 71–90.
Victor Wilson-Corral, Christopher W.N. Anderson, Mayra Rodriguez-Lopez (2012), Gold Phyto mining. A review of the relevance of this technology to mineral extraction in the 21st century, Journal of Environmental Management 111 (2012) 249-257. www.elsevier.com/locate/jhazmat.
Uttam Kumar, Sumit Kumar, Shiju Varghese, Rohit Chamoli, Priyanka Barthwa (2013), DNA Vaccine: A Modern Biotechnological Approach towards Human Welfare and Clinical Trials. International Journal of Research in Biomedicine and Biotechnology 3(1): 17-20. http://www.urpjournals.com.
James R Swartz (2001), Advances in Escherichia coli production of therapeutic proteins, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12:195–201.
[This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).]
