Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Author: Hai Zou | Published on: 2017-09-30 21:54:01 Page: 23-35 981
Abstract In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure. The largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extra tropical cyclones of the largest scale (the synoptic scale). Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale. Mesocyclones, tornadoes and dust devils lie within smaller musicale.
Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Cyclonic circulation". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Cyclone". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
BBC Weather Glossary (July 2006). "Cyclone". British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
"UCAR Glossary — Cyclone". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
National Hurricane Center (2012). Glossary of NHC terms. Retrieved on 2012-08-13.
I. Orlanski (1975). "A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 56 (5): 527–530. Bibcode: 1975BAMS...56...527.. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-56.5.527.
David Brand (1999-05-19). "Colossal cyclone swirling near Martian North Pole is observed by Cornell-led team on Hubble telescope". Cornell University. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Samantha Harvey (2006-10-02). "Historic Hurricanes". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
Nina A. Zaitseva (2006). "Cyclogenesis". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
Stan Goldenberg (2004-08-13). "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Forces of Nature. Tornadoes: the mesocyclone. Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
National Weather Service Key West summary of waterspout types
"Frequently asked questions". Hurricane Research Division.
Rostami, Masoud; Zeitlin, Vladimir (2017). "Influence of condensation and latent heat release upon barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of vortices in a rotating shallow water f-plane model". Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. 111 (1): 1–31. Bibcode: 2017GApFD.111....1R. doi:10.1080/03091929.2016.1269897.
Rostami, Masoud; Zeitlin, Vladimir (2018). "An improved moist-convective rotating shallow-water model and its application to instabilities of hurricane-like vortices". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 144 (714): 1450. Bibcode: 2018QJRMS.144.1450R. doi:10.1002/qj.3292.
"Modern Meteorology". Indian Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
Chris Landsea and Sim Aberson (August 13, 2004). "Subject: A11) what is the "eye"? How is it formed and maintained? What is the "eyewall"? What are "spiral bands"?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
"The Atmosphere in Motion" (PDF). University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Subject: D3) Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counterclockwise (clockwise) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
"Are the winds on one side of a hurricane faster than on the other side?". Ask the Experts: Hurricanes. USA Today. November 11, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
Kerry Emanuel (January 2006). "Anthropogenic Effects on Tropical Cyclone Activity". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Cyclogenesis". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
Raymond D. Menard; J.M. Fritsch (June 1989). "A Mesoscale Convective Complex-Generated Inertially Stable Warm Core Vortex". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (6): 1237–1261. Bibcode: 1989MWRv..117.1237M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1237: AMCCGI>2.0.CO; 2.
Glenn Elert (2006). "Density of Air". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
St. Louis University (2004-09-06). "What is a trowal?” National Weather Association. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
Nina A. Zaitseva (2006). "Definition for Cyclogenesis". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
Cyclon in a board. thethermograpiclibrary.org
Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form?” Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
Chris Landsea (2000-01-04). "Climate Variability table — Tropical Cyclones". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
DeCaria (2005-12-07). "ESCI 241 – Meteorology; Lesson 16 – Extratropical Cyclones". Department of Earth Sciences, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
Robert Hart; Jenni Evans (2003). "Synoptic Composites of the Extratropical Transition Lifecycle of North Atlantic TCs as Defined Within Cyclone Phase Space" (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
Ryan N. Maue (2008). "Chapter 3: Cyclone Paradigms and Extratropical Transition Conceptualizations". Florida State University. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
Erik A. Rasmussen; John Turner (2003). Polar lows: mesoscale weather systems in the Polar Regions. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-521-62430-5. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
E. A. Rasmussen; J. Turner (2003). Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions. Cambridge University Press. p. 612. ISBN 978-0-521-62430-5.
Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Subject: A6) what is a sub-tropical cyclone?” Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
David B. Spiegler (April 1973). "Reply" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 101 (4): 380. Bibcode: 1973MWRv..101...380S. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0380: R>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
R. H. Simpson; Paul J. Hebert (April 1973). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 101 (4): 323. Bibcode: 1973MWRv..101...323S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:AHSO>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
David Mark Roth (2002-02-15). "A Fifty year History of Subtropical Cyclones" (PDF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Frequently Asked Questions: What is a sub-tropical cyclone?” NOAA. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
James M. Shultz; Jill Russell; Zelde Espinel (2005). "Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development" (PDF). Epidemiologic Reviews. 27: 21–35. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi011. PMID 15958424.
Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
Sim Aberson (2009-02-06). "Subject: C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical cyclones?". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2005 Tropical Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Outlook. Retrieved on 2006-05-02.
Padgett, Gary (2001). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary for December 2000". Retrieved 2006-03-31.
Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Polar vortex". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Halldór Björnsson (2005-01-19). "Global circulation". Veðurstofa Íslands. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Rui-Rong Chen; Don L. Boyer; Lijun Tao (December 1993). "Laboratory Simulation of Atmospheric Motions in the Vicinity of Antarctica". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 50 (24): 4058–4079. Bibcode: 1993JAtS...50.4058C. Doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<4058: LSOAMI>2.0.CO; 2.
James E. Kloeppel (2001-12-01). "Stratospheric polar vortex influences winter freezing, researchers say". University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign via the Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2001-12-24. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
Clark Evans (January 5, 2006). "Favorable trough interactions on tropical cyclones". Flhurricane.com. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
Deborah Hanley; John Molinari; Daniel Keyser (October 2001). "A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 129 (10): 2570–84. Bibcode: 2001MWRv...129.2570H. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570: ACSOTI>2.0.CO; 2.
Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Mesocyclone". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
National Weather Service Forecast Office State College, Pennsylvania (2006-07-16). "Splitting Storm and Anti-cyclonic Rotating Mesocyclone in a Thunderstorm over Elk County July 10th, 2006". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Alice Klein and Greta Keenan (8 July 2016). "Perfect storm hits Taiwan as China sees worst floods in 20 years". New Scientist. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Robert Mendelsohn, Kerry Emanuel, Shun Chonabayashi and Laura Bakkensen (2012). "The Impact of Climate Change on Global Tropical Storm Damages". Nature Climate Change. 2 (3): 205. Bibcode: 2012NatCC...2...205M. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1357. SSRN 1955106.
57. Karl Mathiesen. "Climate change aggravating cyclone damage, scientists say". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Angela Fritz. "Top hurricane expert: Climate change influenced Tropical Cyclone Pam". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Ellen Cohen (2009). "Jupiter's Great Red Spot". Hayden Planetarium. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
[This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).]
