Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Message: Return type of CI_Session_database_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Author: Yul Ho | Published on: 2018-08-31 21:05:46 Page: 42-52 1368
Abstract Schematic representation of the flow of nitrogen through the ecosystem. The importance of bacteria in the cycle is immediately recognized as being a key element in the cycle, providing different forms of nitrogen compounds assailable by higher organisms.
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmosphere nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.
Keywords Classical Representation of Nitrogen Cycle; Dissimulator Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium; Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation; Human Influences on the Nitrogen Cycle.
Steven B. Carroll; Steven D. Salt (2004). Ecology for gardeners. Timber Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-88192-611-8.
Kuypers, MMM; Marchant, HK; Kartal, B (2011). "The Microbial Nitrogen-Cycling Network". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9. PMID 29398704.
Galloway, J. N.; et al. (2004). "Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future generations". Biogeochemistry. 70 (2): 153–226. Doi: 10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0.
Moir, JWB (editor) (2011). Nitrogen Cycling in Bacteria: Molecular Analysis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-86-8.
Smith, B., R. L. Richards, and W. E. Newton. 2004. Catalysts for nitrogen fixation: nitrogenases, relevant chemical models and commercial processes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht; Boston.
Smil, V (2000). Cycles of Life. Scientific American Library, New York.
Willey, Joanne M. (2011). Prescott's Microbiology 8th Ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw Hill. p. 705. ISBN 978-0-07-337526-7.
Simon, Jörg; Klotz, Martin G. (2013). "Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations". Biochimica ET Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1827 (2): 114–135. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005. PMID 22842521. Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
10."Nitrogen Cycle". Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
Vitousek, PM; Aber, J; Howarth, RW; Likens, GE; Matson, PA; Schindler, DW; Schlesinger, WH; Tilman, GD (1997). "Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences". Issues in Ecology. 1 (3): 1–17. Doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737: HAOTGN] 2.0.CO; 2.
Lam, Phyllis and Kuypers, Marcel M. M. (2011). "Microbial Nitrogen Processes in Oxygen Minimum Zones". Annual Review of Marine Science. 3: 317–345.
Marchant, H. K., Lavik, G., Holtappels, M., and Kuypers, M. M. M. (2014). "The Fate of Nitrate in Intertidal Permeable Sediments". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e104517. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104517. PMC 4134218. PMID 25127459.
"Anammox". Anammox - MicrobeWiki. MicrobeWiki. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
"Nitrogen Study Could 'Rock' A Plant's World". 2011-09-06. Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
Schuur, E. A. G. (2011). "Ecology: Nitrogen from the deep". Nature. 477 (7362): 39–40. Doi: 10.1038/477039a. PMID 21886152.
Morford, S. L.; Houlton, B. Z.; Dahlgren, R. A. (2011). "Increased forest ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage from nitrogen rich bedrock". Nature. 477 (7362): 78–81. Doi: 10.1038/nature10415. PMID 21886160.
Moulton, Orissa M; Altabet, Mark A; Beman, J Michael; Deegan, Linda A; Lloret, Javier; Lyons, Meaghan K; Nelson, James A; Pfister, Catherine A (May 2016). "Microbial associations with macrobiota in coastal ecosystems: patterns and implications for nitrogen cycling". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 14 (4): 200–208. doi:10.1002/fee.1262. ISSN 1540-9295.
Miller, Charles (2008). Biological Oceanography. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148 USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0-632-05536-4.
Gruber, Nicolas (2008). Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803: Elsevier. pp. 1–35. ISBN 978-0-12-372522-6.
Miller, Charles (2008). Biological oceanography. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148 USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0-632-05536-4.
Boyes, Elliot, Susan, Michael. "Learning Unit: Nitrogen Cycle Marine Environment". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
Lalli, Parsons, Carol, Timothy (1997). Biological oceanography: An introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3384-0.
Lalli, Parsons, Carol, Timothy (1997). Biological Oceanography: An introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3384-0.
Holland, Elisabeth A.; Dentener, Frank J.; Braswell, Bobby H.; Sulzman, James M. (1999). "Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets". Biogeochemistry. 46: 7. Doi: 10.1007/BF01007572.
Chapin, S. F. III, Matson, P. A., Mooney H. A. 2002. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Springer, New York 2002 ISBN 0-387-95443-0, p.345
Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22–25 September 2008, Gummersbach, Germany, R. W. Howarth and S. Bringezu, editors. 2009 Executive Summary, p. 3 Archived 2009-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
Smil, V (2004). Cycles of Life: Civilization and the Biosphere. Diane Pub Co. ISBN 978-0-7567-7350-2.
Aerts, Rien & Berendse, Frank (1988). "The Effect of Increased Nutrient Availability on Vegetation Dynamics in Wet Heathlands". Vegetatio. 76 (1/2): 63–69. JSTOR 20038308.
Bobbink, R.; Hicks, K.; Galloway, J.; Spranger, T.; Alkemade, R.; Ashmore, M.; Bustamante, M.; Cinderby, S.; Davidson, E. (2010-01-01). "Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis". Ecological Applications. 20 (1): 30–59. doi:10.1890/08-1140.1. ISSN 1939-5582.
Britto, Dev T.; Kronzucker, Herbert J. (2002). "NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: a critical review". Journal of Plant Physiology. 159 (6): 567–584. Doi: 10.1078/0176-1617-0774. Archived from the original on 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Camargo, J.A. & Alonso, A. (2006). Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatics ecosystems: A global assessment. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41013039.pdf Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
Rabalais, Nancy N., R. Eugene Turner, and William J. Wiseman, Jr. (2002). "Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia, aka "The Dead Zone"". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33: 235–63. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150513. JSTOR 3069262.
Dybas, Cheryl Lyn. (2005). "Dead Zones Spreading in World Oceans". BioScience. 55 (7): 552–557. Doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0552: DZSIWO] 2.0.CO; 2.
New York State Environmental Conservation, Environmental Impacts of Acid Deposition: Lakes Archived 2010-11-24 at the Wayback Machine.
[This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).]
